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Best Management Practices for Agricultural Non-Point Sources of Pollution | |
| Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report #41 1998 | All CEP Technical Reports |
Title: The adoption of soil conservation technology in El Salvador: Linking productivity and conservation
Authors: Gustavo E. Sain and Hector J. Barreto
Source: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51(4): 313-321, 1996.Abstract: Soil conservation practices were successfully disseminated and adopted among farmers in Guaymango, El Salvador, whereas farmers in two similar areas failed to adopt them. Adoption was successful in Guaymango for two reasons. First, a recommendation was developed that combined both productivity-improving and soil conservation components. Second, these components were linked by economic and institutional incentives that encouraged adoption of both components. Issues crucial to long-term success of soil conservation recommendations are discussed, particularly the need for the recommendation to be compatible with the farming system and effective in minimizing soil degradation. Potential implications for research, extension, and policy are examined, with emphasis on technical requirements for developing system-management recommendations embodying productivity and conservation components.Title: Agriculture and Coastal Water Quality
Author: J. Paul Lilly
Source: North Carolina State University, North Carolina, 1996.
Abstract: Degraded streams cannot support (or can only partially support) their original functions. Many are unsuitable as sources of drinking water and can no longer sustain certain forms of marine life, and still others have become unattractive to recreational users.Title: Agriculture in the Wider Caribbean
Author: F.A. Gumbs
Source: Ambio, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 335-339, 1981.
Abstract: Agricultural production has been declining in the Caribbean, and some parts of the region are now dependent on imports of food. A counterproductive system of land tenure and heavy dependence on export-crop monoculture are two of the factors involved.Title: Animal Manure—Managing Sheep and Goat Manure
Author: R.E. Graves
Source: Pennsylvania State University, 1992.
Abstract: This is one in a series of fact sheets produced by the Pennsylvania State University.Title: Background Document for the Development of a Protocol Concerning Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution to the Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region
Author: United Nations Environment Programme.
Source: United Nations Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica, 1991.
Abstract: This document was prepared by the Regional Coordinating Unit of the Caribbean Environment Programme as a contribution to the initiative of the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) for a global legal framework for the regulation of land-based sources of marine pollution. This initiative was undertaken by ACOPS as part of the process leading to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.Title: Background Paper: Land-based Sources (LBS) of Pollution as the Dominant Marine Pollution Problem in the Wider Caribbean Region
Authors: J. Diamante, M. Varela, B. Wood-Thomas, and P. Gelabert.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of International Activities, Caribbean Field Office, 1991.
Abstract: The lack of adequate marine water quality survey and monitoring data in the WCR delayed for some time the recognition of the magnitude of the total contribution to regional marine pollution problems from land-based sources of all types of pollution. The growing accumulation of site-by-site surveys on a country-by-country basis of identifiable land-based sources and the observable relationship of these sources to nearby marine environmental damage and wider regional implications have caused a general consensus to emerge among experts that as much as 90 percent or more of the WCR’s marine pollution problems are attributable to land-based sources of all kinds.Title: Banana and Plantain Production in Latin America and the Caribbean
Author: Ramiro C. Jaramillo
Source: In Banana and Plantain Breeding Strategies, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Cairns, Australia, October 13-17, 1986, pp. 39-43.
Abstract: The cultivation of banana and plantain in tropical America and the Caribbean countries has a special importance, not only because they are part of the diet, but also in view of the economic benefits derived from the production activities, through contribution to the gross national product, the establishment of employment sources, and the generation of foreign currency and fiscal earnings.Title: Belize National Environmental Action Plan
Author: The Government of Belize
Source: The Government of Belize, June, 1996.
Abstract: This National Environmental Action Plan aims at providing an overview of the major environmental issues facing Belize and at guiding the government in the prudent use and management of natural resources. It focuses on the issues, policies, and programs that are considered most critical to Belize. The document should provide a blueprint for the Government of Belize to address the environment problems in Belize and to identify possible areas of assistance that could be provided by donor agencies.Title: Best Management Practices for Agricultural Nutrients
Author: J.P. Lilly
Source: Publication Number AG-439-20. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1995.
Abstract: About 20 elemental nutrients are essential for plant growth. Some of these nutrients are supplied naturally by air, water, and soil. Fertilizers and manures are used to supplement the natural supplies. When nutrients are used correctly, they are very beneficial, but in the wrong place at the wrong time, they become pollutants. Both ground water and surface water are very vulnerable to pollution. Water is one of our most valuable resources, and protecting it is an important concern.Title: Conservation Extension with Small Farmers in Developing Countries
Author: Ted C. Sheng
Source: In Soil Conservation for Survival, ed. K. Tato and H. Hurni, pp. 277-283. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa, 1992.
Abstract: Conservation extension is extremely important where the majority of the conservation work is to be done by farmers. It is also an extremely difficult task where hundreds or thousands of small farmers are involved in a project and where government staff and resources are limited.Title: Control of Water Pollution. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 55
Author: Edwin D. Ongley
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy, 1996.
Abstract: This publication deals specifically with the role of agriculture in the field of freshwater quality. Categories of nonpoint source impacts—specifically sediment, pesticides, nutrients, and pathogens—are identified together with their ecological, public health, and, as appropriate, legal consequences. Recommendations are made on evaluation techniques and control measures. Much of the scientific literature on agricultural impacts on surface and groundwater quality is from developed countries, reflecting broad scientific concern and, in some cases, regulatory attention since the 1970s. The scientific findings and management principles are, however, generally applicable worldwide.Title: Controlled-Erosion Terraces in Venezuela
Author: L.S. Williams and B.J. Walter
Source: In Conservation Farming on Steep Lands, ed. W.C. Moldenhauer and N.W. Hudson, pp. 177-187. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa, 1988.
Abstract: In 1961 the Ministry of Agriculture in Venezuela initiated a major soil conservation program in several states in the central and western Andes. One of the projects focused on the construction of agricultural terraces in small highland valleys. Terracing was accomplished by building strong rock walls along the contours of the slopes and allowing the normal actions of erosion and cultivation to level the surface. This "controlled-erosion" construction method resulted in terraces large and stable enough to allow use of animals or machines for cultivation. Controlled-erosion terraces are durable, and they may be suitable where long-term soil conservation is a prime objective.Title: Demonstrating Conservation Practices on Steep Lands in Jamaica
Author: T.C. Sheng
Source: In Conservation Farming on Steep Lands, ed. W.C. Moldenhauer and N.W. Hudson, pp. 207-214. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa. 1988.
Abstract: This paper discusses the experience of setting up a demonstration project on public land (the Smithfield Demonstration Center and explains its results and impacts.Title: Demonstration and Extension of Soil and Water Conservation Principles in Latin America
Author: J.E. Aldedge
Source: In Conservation Farming on Steep Lands, ed. W.C. Moldenhauer and N.W. Hudson, pp. 166-171. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa, 1988.
Abstract: The primary intent of this paper is to offer some conservation ideas, philosophy, principles, and guidelines for individuals and groups working in developing countries. The soil and water conservation system described has been applied in many areas in Central and South America and in the Caribbean.Title: Dominica Banana Rehabilitation Project Pesticide Assessment
Authors: William E. Rainey, Elizabeth D. Pierson, and Edward L. Towle.
Source: Final Report on the Impact on Dominican Wildlife of Pesticides Used in the Banana Disease Control Program of the Dominica Banana Marketing Association (DBMA). Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 1987.
Abstract: This report reviews the geographical pattern of pesticide use in the banana industry, toxicology of the pesticides emphasizing data relevant to wildlife, and the major wildlife groups on Dominica, noting species of special concern. Observations on land and pesticide use in the banana industry relating to wildlife, how the use of habitat (including agricultural areas) use by wildlife influences the likelihood of pesticide exposure, and evaluation of the impact of the banana industry on wildlife are presented.Title: Environmental Agenda for the 1990's: A Synthesis of the Eastern Caribbean Country Environmental Profile Series
Author: CCA and IRF
Source: Caribbean Conservation Association and The Island Resources Foundation. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 1991.
Abstract: This summary document attempts to synthesize the principle elements of a series of six Country Environmental Profiles and present the main issues and recommendations in an easily assimilated format. The approaches and recommendations offered in the document are intended to help in the creation of policy that will bring to the region the type of development that is sustainable.Title: Evaluating and Managing the Environmental Impact of Banana Production in Costa Rica: A Systems Approach
Authors: Carlos E. Hernández and Scott G. Witter
Source: Ambio, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 171-178, 1996.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of banana production in Costa Rica based on the importance of bananas as an export crop and the environmental impacts associated with their production. The paper takes a systems approach to identifying major environmental problems associated with banana production. Eco-management alternatives are recommended, based on what has been learned managing a 306-ha banana plantation at EARTH College. It is hoped that these experiences will help bring about a more balanced approach to the exploitation of Costa Rica’s natural resources.Title: Farmer Perception of Soils in the Mountains of the Dominican Republic
Author: Roy Ryder
Source: Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 261-266, 1994.
Abstract: Scientists concerned with resource management in developing nations have been surprisingly reluctant to seek opinions of traditional farmers despite growing recognition of their skills. Farmer classifications of climate, soil, and vegetation can be very informative. The purpose of this paper is to examine farmer perception of soil in Las Cuevas, a mountainous region in the Central Cordiller of the Dominican Republic. A discussion of awareness of soil erosion and local soil taxonomy is followed by a comparison of opinions held by farmers and scientists on the importance of selected climatic edaphic criteria for agriculture.Title: Farming for the Future: An Introduction to Low-External Input and Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: C. Reijntjes, B. Haverkort, and A. Waters-Bayer
Source: Macmillan, London, 1992.
Abstract: This document provides examples of indigenous practices illustrating how well farmers in the tropics learned to manipulate and derive advantage from local resources and natural processes, applying the principles of agroecology without knowing that this term exists.Title: Food Production and Environmental Quality: Agricultural Nonpoint Source Issues
Author: C.F. Myers
Source: Agricultural Waste Utilization and Management, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Agricultural Wastes, Chicago Illinois, December 16-17, 1985, pp.16-18.
Abstract: Providing adequate and economical levels of food production must be accomplished while ensuring satisfactory environmental quality.Title: Groundwater Quality Protection for Livestock Feeding Operations
Author: J.M. Sweeten
Source: Texas A&M University, 1993.
Abstract: This publication summarizes research results and management strategies for ground water pollution control for open feedlots, holding ponds, and lagoons, and land on which manure and wastewater are applied.Title: Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. EPA-840-B-92-002.
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1993.
Abstract: This document contains guidance specifying management measures for sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters. The guidance addresses five source categories of nonpoint pollution: agriculture, silviculture, urban, marinas, and hydromodification. A suite of management measures is provided for each source category.Title: Guidelines for Integrated Planning and Management of Coastal and Marine Areas in the Wider Caribbean
Author: United Nations Environment Programme
Source: UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica, 1996.
Abstract: The adoption of an integrated approach in the process of planning and management of coastal and marine resources is fundamental to achieve sustainable development of coastal areas. Such an approach allows for balanced development of socioeconomic activities, without compromising the potential and protection of the natural resources.Title: Guidelines for Sediment Control Practices in the Insular Caribbean. CEP Technical Report No. 32.
Author: United Nations Environment Programme
Source: UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica, 1994.
Abstract: The purpose of this document is to describe methods of anticipating, assessing, and minimizing erosion and sediment impacts from site development. It is hoped that by outlining the processes of erosion and sedimentation, describing the principles behind erosion and sediment control, and providing examples of effective erosion and sediment control strategies, this handbook will support efforts to plan and implement construction activities in the insular Caribbean with a minimum of environmental damage.Title: The Impact of Land-based Sources of Pollution on the Marine Environment
Author: Arther B. Archer
Source: South and West Coast Sewerage Project, Barbados, 1987.
Abstract: This paper provides overviews regarding the environmental and economic features of the Caribbean combined with information regarding coastal and marine ecosystems. An overview of land-based pollutants and their impact on coastal ecosystems analyzes sources of land-based pollution identified or suspected of imposing stresses with damaging effects on coastal and marine ecosystems.Title: Impact of Pollution on Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Generated by the Utilization of Pesticides on Rice Crops in Cartagena, Colombia
Author: J.G. Tinoco
Source: In IOC Workshop Report No. 109, IOC, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 14, 1994, p. 8., 1994.
Abstract: In Colombia more than 600 different pesticides are used, which represent near 33,000 tonnes per year. Mainly organochlorates, phosphorates, and carbamates, these substances are used in banana, cotton, rice, fruit, and other crops along the Magdalena River basin, the most extensive in the country. This document corresponds to the final report of the Colombian pilot project carried out by CIOX with the cooperation of INDERENA (Cartagena) and the support of UNESCO/IOC/UNEP. An inventory, complete and actualized with qualification of the pesticides used in the Colombian Caribbean rivers, is given, with special emphasis on the cienaga de la Virgen and its surrounding zone. Also, organoclorate compound levels in water, sediments, and important commercial species of the cienaga are analyzed. Measures for the rational use of these compounds and recommendations to increase the quality of the waters of the cienaga are also presented.Title: Land-based Pollution and Its Impact on Coral Reefs and Related Ecosystems: The Caribbean Experience Implications for East African Coastal Tourism
Author: Paul A. DeGeorges
Source: U.S. Agency for International Development, East & Southern Africa, 1990.
Abstract: Land-based pollution is believed to be the major cause of coral reef degradation throughout the Caribbean. This is primarily through nutrient enrichment of nearshore marine waters associated with improperly treated domestic sewage originating from major urban areas and from tourism developments. The world’s tropical waters are normally nutrient-poor and are ecologically thrown out of balance by this enrichment. Pollutants associated with agricultural runoff, including sediment, pesticides, and fertilizers, are believed to be Second in importance in causing coastal degradation second in importance in causing coastal degradationTitle: The Management of Land-based Sources of Pollutants in Small Island States: The Caribbean Case
Author: R.P. Coté
Source: School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Abstract: The increasing attention being given to land-based sources of marine pollutants by national governments is especially problematic for small island states. In particular, pressure to reduce the discharges of persistent chemicals has implications for the strategies that can be employed in such locations. Water quality standards, emission standards, and planning approaches, especially siting requirements, can be employed in the management of land-based sources. This paper argues that the effective application of these strategies must be supported by appropriate monitoring programs to ensure that amenities and coastal resources are not being detrimentally affected. Because these strategies and monitoring programs are scientifically and financially onerous, more emphasis should be placed on reducing the generation of residuals. Such a policy, supported by national governments and international development funds, will be particularly beneficial to small island states in reducing the environmental and health impacts of land-based sources of marine pollution.Title: Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture, Pointer No. 6. EPA841-F-96-004F.
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, undated.
Abstract: This is one in a series of fact sheets regarding nonpoint source pollution.Title: No-Till Cotton Production
Author: Alan C. York, Keith L. Edmisten, George C. Naderman, and Jack S. Bacheler
Source: 1993 Cotton Information. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1993.
Abstract: No-tillage planting is the most effective conservation method to protect against soil erosion, and in most cases, it is the most practical methodology to adopt to meet the conservation compliance requirements on erodible soils. No-tillage planting into a residue offers the additional benefits of conserving moisture on drought-prone soils and protecting young cotton seedlings from sandblasting.Title: Peasants, Experts, and Land Use in Haiti: Lessons from Indigenous and Project Technology
Author: T. A. White and J.L. Jickling
Source: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, pp. 7-14, 1995.
Abstract: Development planners have frequently identified a lack of appropriate land-use technology as a key cause of degradation, and consequently, most projects have focused on encouraging rural people to adopt soil conservation or forestry techniques. Development experts have gained an appreciation for indigenous farmer knowledge and local innovations, and a new generation of projects is seeking to develop and promote techniques that combine the knowledge of both farmers and scientists.Title: Procedural Guide for the Development of Farm-Level Best Management Practice Plans for Phosphorus Control in the Everglades Agricultural Area, Version 1.1. Circular 1177.
Author: A. B. Bottcher, F.T. Izuno, and E.A. Hanlon
Source: University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Gainesville, FL, undated.
Abstract: Heightened concerns in recent years about the impact of the quantity and quality of drainage waters from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) on the Everglades have prompted the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) to develop both an EAA regulatory program and plans for a series of storm water treatment areas (STAs). The procedural guide addresses the concerns regarding the reduction of phosphorus loads in drainage water leaving the EAA. The information provided can be applied to any agricultural area composed primarily of organic soils or histosols.
Title: Protecting Water Quality and Reducing Pesticide Exposure
Author: Fred H. Yelverton
Source: 1993 Cotton Information. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1993.
Abstract: Measures that can be taken by cotton producers to reduce or minimize pesticide threat to water quality include crop rotation, proper site selection, the use of thresholds where available, promoting a healthy and vigorous crop with good cultural practices, and proper fertilization. Protection both surface and ground water from nutrients and pesticide residues should be a goal for every farmer.Title: Regional Overview of Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Regions. CEP Technical Report No. 33
Author: UNEP
Source: UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme. Kingston, Jamaica, 1994.
Abstract: This report summarizes the results of the UNEP-CEP Programme for Marine Pollution Assessment and Control (CEPPOL) activity and provides information on the inventories of land-based sources of pollution taken in 25 countries of the WCR. This comprehensive information has been compiled from national land-based source pollution inventories, mainly from point sources, together with the assessment of the types and amounts of major pollutants reaching the coastal and marine environment as well as information on legislative and administrative measures relevant for their control.Title: Soil Conservation Constraints on Sustained Agricultural Productivity in Tropical Latin America
Author: Ildefonsol Pla Sentis
Source: In Soil Conservation for Survival, ed. K. Tato and H. Hurni, pp. 277-283. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa, 1992.
Abstract: Land degradation, which affects both increase in production and greater productivity per acre, has emerged as one of the major constraints on further expansion and intensification of agriculture. There are equally serious off-farm impacts (water pollution, sedimentation, flooding) associated with on-site soil degradation. Large-scale introduction of cash crops, sometimes to supply foreign markets, has led to agricultural intensification and extension to new areas of marginal land, resulting in environmental impacts in most cases.Title: Soil Conservation Practices and Farm Income in the Dominican Republic
Author: San Won Hwang, Jeffrey Alwang, and George W. Norton
Source: Agricultural Systems 46 (1994): 59-77.
Abstract: A method is presented for determining least-cost strategies for meeting soil conservation targets on small, steeply sloped farms in the Dominican Republic. An easily replicated farm decision-making model using linear programming was employed to assess the relative costs of using a variety of erosion control practices including grass strips, hillside ditches and bench terraces. The effects of agricultural policy reform and secure land tenure on the cost of reducing erosion were also estimated. Grass strips were found to be the least costly means of reducing erosion. Policy reforms, in general, will reduce the cost to the farmer of complying with soil loss restrictions.Title: Soil Management and Conservation in the Tropics: Indigenous and Adapted Technology
Author: Luis A. Manrique
Source: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 13&14, pp. 1617- 1644, 1993.
Abstract: Past and current soil management and conservation technologies were reviewed to assess their effectiveness in managing soil erosion in the tropics. Slope management emerged as the most critical component determining success or failure of efforts to counteract soil losses and productivity decline. Slope management based on physical structures was found to be ineffective; combining simple cropping practices such as contour, strip, or alley cropping with soil management practices, including zero or minimum tillage, mulching, and green or organic manuring, was found to be highly effective in managing runoff and soil losses.Title: Soil Moisture Conservation Methods for Sustainable Agriculture in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Author: Manuel C. Palada
Source: Workshop on Drip Irrigation, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, January 1992.
Abstract: In semi-arid climates such as the USVI, conserving water and soil moisture is essential for sustainable crop production. The amount of rainfall received annually in the Virgin Islands is sufficient to grow many field and vegetable crops if techniques for conserving water are used.Title: Sustainable Adoption of Conservation Practices by Upland Farmers in the Dominican Republic
Author: S.G. Witter, M.P. Robotham, and D.A. Carrasco
Source: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 51, No. 3, 249-254, 1996.
Abstract: This study focuses on Plan Sierra, a large nongovernmental organization located in the north-central section of the Dominican Republic. Plan Sierra has successfully promoted the use of soil and water conservation technologies to upland farmers since 1979. This research is based on data collected from interviews with 161 Plan Sierra farmers regarding the relationship between planned outreach communication channels, adoption of conservation practices and sustained use of such practices. The analysis identified a statistically significant association between farmer interaction with Plan Sierra and the three outreach communication channels used to gain the adoption and maintenance of soil and water conservation practices.Title: Sustainable Agricultural Development in Latin America: Exploring the Possibilities
Author: Miguel A. Altieri
Source: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, Vol. 39, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 1-21, 1991.
Abstract: This paper concentrates on what are perceived as critical issues that should be addressed if a productive and sustainable agriculture is to be achieved in Latin America. The attainment of such an agriculture is dependent on new technological innovations, policy changes, and more socio-equitable economic schemes. By using several examples of biological control and integrated pest management programs as case studies, ways of promoting the transition of chemical-intensive commercial agriculture to low-input management are explored. Similarly, the paper describes nongovernmental efforts using the agroecological approach to help the great mass of resource-poor farmers, mostly confined to marginal soils, hillsides, and rainfed areas, to achieve year-round food self-sufficiency, reduce their reliance on scarce and expensive agricultural chemical inputs and develop production systems that rebuild the productive capacities of their small holdings.Title: A Systems Method for Evaluating the Sustainability of Ag-Production: An Evaluation of Banana Production in Costa Rica
Author: C.E. Hernández
Source: Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1997.
Abstract: This dissertation proposes a method for evaluating the sustainable performance of agricultural production practices. It uses Costa Rica’s banana production industry as a case to test the method. It presents an overview of banana production in Costa Rica based on the importance of bananas as an export crop and the environmental and social impacts associated with their production. The paper takes a systems approach to define the banana production system and explicates it with a model. Cause-and-effect relationships are identified. The intensities of these relationships are derived using hard data when available and expert opinion when no data exist. A panel of experts rates the conventional production practices and the alternative production practices. A mathematical method is structured to aggregate ratings into sustainable performance indices. Best available alternative practices are recommended, based on the resulting indices. It is hoped that these recommendations will help bring about a more balanced approach to the use of Costa Rica’s natural and human resources.Title: Terms of Environment. EPA175-B-94-075.
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1994
Abstract: This document is a compilation of definitions of environmental terms.Title: Threats to the Terrestrial Resources of the Caribbean
Author: A. Melville Gajraj
Source: Ambio, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 307-311, 1981.
Abstract: The most serious constraint encountered in the attempt to meet these objectives is the inadequacy of the soil resources for agricultural purposes—a problem compounded by mismanagement. Inappropriate use and mismanagement has led to severe erosion and loss of fertility.Title: Tillage Methods and Soil and Water Conservation Methods in the Caribbean
Author: F. A. Gumbs
Source: Soil and Tillage Research, Vol 27, pp. 341-354, 1993.
Abstract: This review describes the tillage methods and soil conservation methods currently used in the Commonwealth Caribbean on a range of slopes. A high percentage of the land has slopes that exceed 20 degrees minimum. In these circumstances, tillage is carried out with hand tools and is frequently combined with conservation contour drains or/and barriers of cut vegetation laid across the contour. Many farmers form ridges and furrows on the contour with hand tools, and a significant number do not use any conservation measures. Tillage on flat or gently sloping land is done largely by tractor-drawn implements, and the tillage method is mainly determined by the crop to be grown and the soil type. The tillage methods used for the cultivation of sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, and other row crops are described. The agronomic, cultural, and engineering practices used to conserve the soil against water erosion are also described.Title: Toward an Effective Protocol on Land-Based Marine Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region. Technical Report WHOI-95-10.
Authors: P. Hoagland, M.E. Schumacher, and A.G. Gaines, Jr.
Source: Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 1995.
Abstract: In this report, the potential for the design and implementation of an effective protocol governing the prevention, reduction, and control of land-based sources of marine pollution in the WCR is analyzed. Lessons learned from a study of other regional agreements to control land-based marine pollution in the North Sea, Baltic, and Mediterranean are also included.Title: Virgin Islands Environmental Protection Handbook: A Guide to Assist in the Implementation of Environmental Protection Laws of the United States Virgin Islands
Author: U.S. Virgin Islands Conservation District
Source: University of the Virgin Islands, Cooperative Extension Service, 1995.
Title: Weed Management for Developing Countries
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1994.
Abstract: Weed control is but one practice that determines the productivity of important crops such as bananas, cotton, and sugarcane. This document summarizes the problems related to weeds in these crops and identifies methods of weed management that have practical relevance for all types of production systems.
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