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Appropriate Technology for Sewage Pollution Control in the Wider Caribbean Region | |
| Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report #40 1998 | All CEP Technical Reports |
Appendix C.
ABSTRACTS on Selected Works from Literature Review
Abstracts for some of the works reviewed for this report are provided below, in alphabetical order by title. The complete list of works is provided in the report’s reference list.
Title: 15 Years of Practical Sewage Treatment in Venezuela
Author: Mark Lansdell
Source: Water Science Technology, 1996
Abstract: A summary of 15 years of experience of the design, operation and performance of several Venezuelan municipal wastewater treatment systems to serve a population of 5 million is presented.
Title: Actual Experiences with the Use of Reed Bed Systems for Wastewater Treatment in Single Households
Author: Perfler, R., Haberl, R.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 28, No 10, 1993
Abstract: Within a long-term project from 1991 to 1996 investigations on the use of constructed wetlands for pollution control in rural areas will be carried out especially regarding the rather strict limiting values for nutrient elimination. The actual discussion is also relevant for very small systems applied to single households. Three reed bed systems - one vertical flow, single stage; one vertical flow double stage (parallel and in-series operation possible); one horizontal flow, double stage have been constructed in 1991 regarding all the new experiences on optimising this technology. Some results of inlet and outlet sampling and from sampling points within the bed, of tracer experiments and microbiological and virological testing are presented. In addition a short review on the installation costs is given. In general, the experiences of one year of operation seem to prove the opportunity to meet the tightened limits by waste water treatment in constructed wetlands.
Title: The Advantages of a Compact Filter for Individual or Semi-Collective Wastewater Treatment
Author: A. Fazio, G. Warot, and P. Vander Borght
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 41-50, 1993.
Abstract: In certain rural areas, collective water treatment is not an economically viable solution due to the cost of the water collection facilities (difficult terrain, distance between the house); for various reasons, however, the traditional individual water treatment system is not highly regarded (bad installation , insufficient maintenance, ...) and thus, work has been carried out to develop a high-performance and compact alternative solution for domestic wastewater treatment. This alternative system makes use of a compact sand filter installed downstream from the septic tank, the filter’s performance is based on supply regulation and improvement of the waste’s surface distribution. Hydraulic laboratory studies and follow-up on a testing stand using real effluent have enabled us to develop a standardised compact system which is suitable for use in most terrains. The filter’s purification performance is outstanding; at a daily support rate of 150 l/m2, the average purification yields are over 90% for COD, BOD, NH4, NKT. From the bacteriological point of view, bacterial contamination is also significantly reduced. Laboratory tests are being carried out at present, with the aim of further improving purification by inducing a denitrification process enabling reduction of nitrate levels. This systems’ compact overall dimensions and relatively low cost mean that it can be used not only for individual wastewater treatment but also for effluent treatment for small communities (< 400 inhabitant equivalent).
Title: Alteration in Sewage Characteristics Upon Aging
Author: Wang Kaijun, G. Zeeman, G. Lettinga
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 191-200, 1995.
Abstract: To improve the understanding of the nature of sewage changes upon ageing during transport or storage, simulation experiments were conducted using batch reactors under a number of well defined conditions, i.e. anaerobic, aerobic and micro-aerophilic at 10oC, 20oC and 30oC. Important characteristics of the studies sewage were the visual appearance, various chemical properties and odour. The effect of temperature on the degradation processes and reaction kinetics of different polluting fractions of the sewage is studied under mainly micro-aerophilic and anaerobic conditions. The results of non-inoculated batch simulating experiments reveal that micro-aerophilic conditions are suitable for both pre- and post-treatment of sewage, while anaerobic
conditions will suffice for pre-treatment. At low temperatures, anaerobic conditions mainly serve for pre-acidification. On the basis of the results obtained, we recommend putting emphasis on further research dealing with on-site and on-line treatment systems, combined with a central wastewater treatment plant. Such processes look attractive in improving the organic removal efficiency and in reduction of operating cost and capital outlay of wastewater treatment systems.
Title: Alternative Approaches for Upgrading Effluent Quality for Lagoon Based Systems
Author: Evans, Brian; Nutt, Stephen; Ho, Tony; Melcer, Henry
Source: Water Science and Technology Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants June 28-30 1993 v 28 n 10 1993 Trondheim, Norw Publ by Pergamon Press Inc. Tarrytown NY USA p. 201-205.
Abstract: The province of Ontario is Canada’s most populous province with over 8 million residents out of a total population of 27 million. The province has 512 sewage treatment plants out of which 137 or 27% are lagoons. Improved environmental effluent quality standards since the introduction of lagoons has resulted in many of these being unable to achieve proper effluent quality. Typical effluent quality requirements across the province require a minimum of secondary treatment, that 15 mg/l of BOD and suspended solids and 1 mg/l of total phosphorous. The movement towards a clean environment has resulted in phosphorous levels as low as 0.3 mg/l TP and in an increasing number of cases full nitrification year round. Because many of these lagoons serve small populations in the 100-3,000 population equivalents category, the cost of upgrading such lagoons to tertiary quality effluent is significant. Two approaches for upgrading conventional lagoon systems were evaluated. They are called the Sutton New Hamburg processes after the towns in Ontario where they were first installed. The Sutton process consists of extended aeration plant, followed by polishing lagoons with waste sludge set directly to the lagoons, while the New Hamburg process consists of conventional lagoons followed by intermittent sand filtration.
Title: Anaerobic/Aerobic Combination Treats High-Strength Wastewater
Author: Roeland P. Ulrix
Source: Water Engineering and Management, February 1994
Abstract: Innovative process developed in Germany for high-strength wastewater
Title: Anaerobic Codigestion of Agricultural Industries’ Wastewaters
Author: H.N. Gavala, I.V. Skiadas, Nikolaos A. Bozinis and G. Lyberatos
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 67-75, 1996.
Abstract: Wastewaters generated from agricultural industries are usually hard to treat due to a high organic content. The basic treatment process to be used can only be anaerobic digestion, a process with the additional advantages of (I) limited production of stabilised sludge and (ii) utilisation of the produced biogas. The cotreatment of such seasonally produced wastewaters is proposed in order to secure the economically favourable and stable year-round operation of a treatment plant, with the additional benefits of smaller capital costs (due to the use of centrally located rather than distributed treatment facilities) and the exploitation of complementarity in waste characteristics (e.g. avoidance of nutrients (N, P) addition when a codigested wastewater contains nutrients in excess). A mathematical model for codigesting piggery, olive-mill and dairy wastewaters was developed based on batch kinetics experiments. An organic loading rate of 3.84 g COD/l-d was found to be safe for a digester operating on a year round basis, fed sequentially with piggery, piggery-olive-mill and piggery-diary wastewaters. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: Anaerobic Digestion of High Strength Molasses Wastewater Using Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Author: R. Boopathy and A. Tilche
Source: Water Research, Vol. 25, No 7, 1991
Abstract: The anaerobic digestion of high strength molasses wastewater (molasses alcohol stillage and raw molasses) in a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor was studied. At an organic loading rate of 20 kg COD/m^3.d, the reactor performed effectively achieving total and soluble COD removals in excess of 70 %. Granulation of biomass was observed in the reactor and the granules grew in size with time as the experiment progressed. The predominant methanogens similar to Methanothrix and Methanosarcina species were observed in the granules. Nitrogen and phosphorus were supplemented whenever needed. Biomass retention inside the reactor was very good. Gas production was 5 v/v of the reactor day.
Title: Application of Anaerobic Digestion to the Treatment of Agroindustrial Effluents in Latin America
Author: Borzacconi, L., Lopez, I., Vinas, M.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 12, 1995
Abstract: A 994 survey of high rate anaerobic reactors, employed in the treatment of agroindustrial effluents in Latin America is presented. Data including number, volume and type of reactors, their evolution with time and type of effluents are discussed. Latin America has an increasing and significant participation in the application of anaerobic treatment to agroindustrial effluents. In particular, the design parameters of already operating reactors and the impact of applying this technology to the most typical effluents are analysed. The equivalent energy of biogas that can be produced through this technology is given. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: Application of Constructed Wetlands to Treat Some Toxic Wastewaters under Tropical Conditions
Author: C. Polprasert, N.P. Dan and N. Thayalakumaran
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 165-171, 1996
Abstract: This study evaluated the potential of a free water surface constructed wetland system in treating some toxic wastewaters (i.e. phenolic and heavy metals). In a temperature range of 22 - 30oC, the constructed wetland units, whose hydraulic retention times (HRT) were 5 - 7 days, could remove more than 99% of the input phenol when they were operated at or below the organic loading rates (OLR) and influent phenol concentrations of 270 kg COD/(ha.d) and 400 mg/l, respectively. The effluent dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were 4 - 7 mg/l at OLR of 40 - 140 kg COD/(ha.d), but these DO levels decreased to 0.2 - 0.3 mg/l when the OLR were increased to 165 - 270 kg COD/(ha.d). Under similar operating conditions, the constructed wetland units could remove more than 99% of the applied chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), when either the Cr or Ni influent concentrations were 1 - 50 mg/l. The phenolic and heavy metal compounds were found to accumulate mostly at the roots of Typha, followed by the stems of leaves. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elseveir Science Ltd.
Title: Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Technology for Small Communities
Author: J.F. Kreissl, National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Source: USEPA Manual
Abstract: Description of the terms appropriate technology and provides some examples
Title: Biodegradation of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater in a Modified Rotating Biological Contactor with Polyurethane Foam Attached to the Disks
Author: R.D. Tyagi, F.T. Tran, Chowdhury
Source: Water Research, Vol. 27, No 1, 1993
Abstract: A laboratory scale study was conducted to assess the feasibility of a modified rotating biological contactor (RBC) with polyurethane foam (PUF) attached to the disks as porous support media to biodegrade a petroleum refinery wastewater. PUF of 1 cm thickness was attached to both sides of each disk. Two parallel RBC-PUF units (each having 24.8 L working volume) were operated simultaneously at different hydraulic loading rates 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 met cubed/m sq.d and at a rotational speed of 10 rpm. For all hydraulic loadings studied, the removal efficiency of the total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and oil were above 87 and 80 %, respectively. The biomass concentration within the RBC-PUF system was also investigated. The efficiency of the RBC-PUF system for the treatment (removal of organics, ammonia nitrogen, phenol, oil and grease and suspended solids) of the petroleum refinery wastewater at various hydraulic loadings was investigated. The results obtained in terms of biodegradation of COD, NH3N, phenol, hydrocarbons and suspended solids in the modified RBC were generally better than a conventional RBC.
Title: BOD 5 Removal in facultative Ponds: Experience in Tanzania
Author: Mayo, Aloice W.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 34, No 11, 1996
Abstract: This paper discusses the removal of BOD 5 in facultative ponds under tropical conditions. Data was collected from pilot and field ponds at the University of Dar es Salaam and was compared to other ponds in Dar es Salaam. Results showed deviations of performance, in some cases, from assumptions made during the design. The permissible organic loading rate for ponds in Dar es Salaam was 450 kg BOD 5 / ha / d. To reduce concentration of algae in the final effluent, a sunken outlet structure was suggested.
Title: Brewery Wastewater Treatment in UASB Reactor at Ambient Temperature
Author: Yue-Gen Yan, Joo-Hwa Tay
Source: Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 122, No 6, June 1996
Abstract: Granulation was examined in the 12.2L upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at the average ambient temperature of 21.8 º C. Brewery wastewater with an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2030 mg/L and biochemical oxygen demand of 1150 mg/L was used as substrate, and anaerobic digested sludge as inoculum. During start-up, the sludge loading rate was gradually increased when 80% of soluble COD removal efficiency was achieved. The granules were initially developed after 4-month operation and fully grown after 6-month operation. At 21.8 degrees, the influent alkalinity seemed to have played a positive role in the granulation process by improving the biogas release from the sludge, with the appropriate value of 1200 mg CaCO3/L. The granules cultivated ranged from 0.4 mm to 1.5 mm in diameter, with specific methanogenic activity of 0.92 gCH4-COD/g VSS.d and sludge volume index of 14 mL/g of suspended solids. After granulation, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor performed stably with soluble COD and biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies of 89.1% and 91.3%, respectively, under the volumetric loading rate of 12.2 gCOD/L.d and hydraulic retention time of 4 hours.
Title: Closed-Loop System Recycles VOC’s from Refinery Wastewater
Author: Ann Hasbach, Senior Editor
Source: Pollution Engineering, May 15, 1992
Abstract: Methods used in removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in refinery wastewater. Includes air stripping, relative humidity modification, and activated carbon adsorption. (Short 1 page article)
Title: Comparison of the Purifying Efficiency of High Rate Algal Pond with Stabilization Pond
Author: Picot, B., Bahlaoui, A., Moersidik, B., Baleux, B., Bontoux, J.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 25, No 12, 1992
Abstract: Due to its high sanitary efficiency, treatment of wastewater by Stabilisation Ponds (SP) is proposed for sensitive coastal areas (proximity to bathing areas, shellfish farming lagoons). This process, suitable for small communities with high summer populations, requires large surface area. The objective of this study is to compare High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) purifying efficiency with that of SP. We have experimented with a HRAP process, which by generating algal growth reduces the required surface area; our studies suggest this to be by a factor of 5. This process is particularly interesting for nutrient removal, especially nitrogen, and could be useful in coastal areas susceptible to eutrophication. Its sanitary performance is comparable to that of SP. Environmental factors and pond depth play a more important role in HRAP efficiency than retention time of water in the basins.
Title: Constructed Reed Beds: Appropriate Technology for Small Communities
Author: Green, M.B., Upton, J.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 3, 1995
Abstract: Reed bed treatment is put in the context of a major water company’s need to provide reliable, high quality, effluents from small sewage treatment works whilst seeking to minimise running costs. Design and operational information is given for reed bed applications in Severn Trent Water. Performance details are provided for application to secondary, tertiary and storm overflow treatment. The results give particular confidence in the system’s ability to deliver very high quality effluents when used for tertiary treatment, the company’s biggest application. Reed beds work well against less demanding criteria for secondary treatment at small sites and show great promise for storm overflow treatment.
Title: Control of Pollution in Organized Industrial Districts: A Case Study from Turkey
Author: Ayse Filibeli, Füsuun Sengül and Aysen Müezzinoglu
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 127-133, 1996.
Abstract: At Manisa Organised Industrial District (OID) chosen as pilot study area, a detailed wastewater profile and pollution control study has been realised. A pre-treatment strategy was determined and a wastewater management plan was prepared. Existing central treatment plant was studied and cost items were determined. These evaluations were compared with the redesign options generated from our own wastewater management plan. Same treatment units and their combinations were successively designed for variable flow rates between 100-500 m3/d. Thus data for new OIDs of similar nature as Manisa, an optimised treatment scheme as well as its approximate cost varying with the wastewater inflow was generated. Proposals for preparing environmental criteria to be considered and applied in newly establishing or planned OIDs are summarised. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: The Cyclic Activated Sludge System for Resort Area Wastewater Treatment
Author: Goronszy, M., Slater, N., Konicki, D.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 12, 1995
Abstract: Significant load variation is imposed on wastewater treatment infrastructure at resort centres. The type of resort centre plays a large part in both hydraulic and organic loading dynamics. Climatic conditions may also be a determining factor on the loading pattern. holiday patterns also have a large impact upon loading dynamics. Performance of the Portage/Catawba Cyclic Activated Sludge System, located on the shores of Lake Erie, is described relative to the loading dynamics of the Summer/Winter populations.
Title: Demonstration of Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters, Monitoring Report for the Period, March 1988 - October 1989.
Author: Choate. K.D; Watson, J.T.; Steiner, G.R.
Source: Environmental Pollution Control and water pollution and control (68D)
Abstract: To evaluate the constructed wetland technology, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) implemented a municipal wastewater demonstration project in western Kentucky. Using combined city, State, and TVA appropriated funds, three constructed wetland systems were built at Benton, Hardin, and Pembroke, Kentucky. Demonstration objectives include evaluating relative advantages and disadvantages of these types of systems; determining permit compliance ability; developing, evaluating, and improving basic design and operation criteria; evaluating cost effectiveness; and transferring technology to users and regulators. A demonstration monitoring project was implemented with a partnership of funds from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV, other EPA funds through the National Small Flows Clearinghouse (NSFC), and TVA appropriations. TVA is managing the project in co-operation with an interagency team consisting of EPA, Kentucky Division of Water and NSFC. This report, which supersedes the first monitoring report (Choate, etc. al., 1989) of these demonstration projects, describes each constructed wetland system, its status, and summarises monitoring data and plans for each system.
Title: Developing Alternative Approaches to Urban Wastewater Disposal in Latin America and the Caribbean
Author: Carl R. Bartone, Henry J. Salas
Source: PAHO Bulletin, Vol. 18 No 4, 1984
Abstract: Rapid Urbanisation and industrialisation in Latin America and the Caribbean has aggravated serious wastewater disposal problems in that region. This article describes some of the more promising methods available for dealing with these problems --- including use of submarine outfall, reuse of treated sewage effluent, and application of unconventional technology in poverty-stricken urban neighbourhoods.
Title: Development of a Biofilter Using an Organic Medium for On-Site Wastewater Treatment
Author: Talbot, P., Belanger, G., Pelletier, M., Laliberte, G., Arcand, Y.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 34, No 3-4, 1996
Abstract: In recent years, many authors identified peat-based systems as very promising technology for on-site wastewater treatment. In that context, Premier Tech has been working, since 1988, on the development and commercialisation of a peat-based biofilter suitable for on-site wastewater treatment. This research and development programme comprised three major phases: an experimental phase where on type of peat out of 21 was chosen to be used in biofilters: a second phase where two prototype biofilters were installed in the field and their performances followed for 5 years; and a third phase where 4 biofilters were installed in order to demonstrate the adaptability of the system. The results obtained in this three-phase programme allowed the introduction on the market of a compact, reliable and easy to operate biofilter requiring little investment from the home owner. In this paper an overview of the research and development programme carried out in the last 8 years in relation to on-site treatment is given.
Title: Development of a Land Limited Wastewater Treatment Plan for Small and rural Communities in the Tropics
Author: P. Y. Yang, H. Chen and T. Ma
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 1-12, 1994.
Abstract: The treatment systems for strict and moderate land limited approaches were investigated. Both synthetic glucose and actual wastewater (domestic wastewater) were studied. For the strict land limited approach, a packed entrapped mixed microbial cell (PEMMC) process using cellulose triacetate as the polymer carrier was tested for synthetic wastewater. For the moderate land limited approach, a combined aquatic weed on the water surface and a bio-fixed film in the lower portion of the pond system was investigated for both the synthetic and actual wastewater. The actual domestic wastewater was examined in a single pond system with vertical flow under the BOD5 loading rate of 135 Kg/ha/day. BOD5 and nitrogen removal efficiencies of more than 85% and 70%, respectively, were received. The glucose synthetic wastewater was examined in a single pond system with horizontal flow at a BOD5 loading rate of 130 Kg/ha/day. BOD5 and nitrogen removal efficiencies of 92% and 60%, respectively, were received. For the strict land limited treatment approach, it was found that more than 90% and 85% of soluble COD and total COD (including effluent suspended solid), respectively, could be removed at the loading rate of 1.6 g COD/L/day. The hydraulic retention time of 3.5 hours and the influent COD concentration of 200-250 mg/L were maintained and operated. This is comparable with the process performance of the conventional activated sludge for treating the domestic sewage under the same operational conditions. The PEMMC process also provides the advantages of maintaining a high SRT (Solid Retention Time) without external sludge recycling and a short starting period of less than 10 days. Application of the present two systems will be dependent on the land and/or energy requirement. It is appropriate to use the treatment system of combining the aquatic plant with the bio-fixed film for moderately available land and in tropical areas. A strict land limited treatment system, of course, requires additional energy input.
Title: Effect of Sunlight on Faecal Coliforms in Ponds: Implications for Research and Design
Author: Curtis, T.P.; Mara, D.D.; Silva, S.A.
Source: Water Science and Technology Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control - Water Quality International ‘92 May 24-30 1992 v 26 n 7-8 1992 Washington, DC. USA Publ by Pergamon Press Inc. Tarrytown NY USA P. 1729-1738.
Abstract: Empirical and theoretical models of the effect of light on faecal coliforms (FC) in waste stabilisation ponds are used to show that: (I) light can only have an impact on FC if complemented by high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and a high pH; (ii) the tendency of algae to impede light penetration is offset by their ability to raise the pH and DO; and (iii) that visible light is more important than UV. Therefore, the DO concentration and pH should be included in models of the effect of light in ponds. In the absence of light, pH values < 9.3 may have less impact than previously discussed. The implications for design and research are discussed.
Title: Efficiency of Faecal Bacterial Removal in Waste Stabilisation Ponds in Kenya
Author: Mills, S.W., Alabaster, G.P., Mara, D.D., Pearson, H.W., Thitai, W.N.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 26, No 7-8, 1992
Abstract: Results for faecal coliform die-off rates are presented for seven different waste stabilisation pond systems in Kenya, which were sampled as part of a national pond monitoring and evaluation study carried out during 1988-1989. The results showed that average die-off rates through each pond series were considerably lower than those predicted from traditional design equations which are based on temperature (Marais, 1974). Die-off rates were surprisingly higher in the primary ponds, which are designed for pathogen removal. God correlations were found between faecal coliform first order removal rate constants and (a) temperature for the pond series as a whole, and (b) influent faecal coliform concentration for individual ponds.
Title: Efficiency of Removal in Stabilisation Ponds I. Influence of Climate
Author: Benilde S. Mendes, M. Jenny do Nascimento, M. Irene Pereira, Gerard Bailey, Nuno Lapa, Joao Morais, and J. Santos Oliveira
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 219-229, 1995.
Abstract: Owing to the existing or predictable water deficiencies in the South of Portugal, it is necessary to carry out the appropriate management of water resources, by reducing and/or minimising the negative impacts of untreated/treated domestic effluents in the aquatic environment. As Portugal has a great diversity of ecoclimatic areas, five different stabilisation pond systems were chosen to carry out a control study during one year (from March 1991 to March 1992). According to Pina Manique and Albuquerque the ecological classification of these stations is different, varying from Ibero-mediterranean (continental) up to Mediterranean (maritime). The physical and chemical parameters studies were: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, BOD, COD, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and total nitrogen, total suspended and volatile solids, total phosphorus and orthophosphates. The microbiological parameters studies were: total and faecal coliforms, faecal Streptoccoci, Clostridum perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The correlations between climatic parameters and the efficiency of the removal of organic matter were analysed..
Title: An Evaluation of the Efficiency and Impact of Raw Wastewater Disinfection with Peracetic Acid Prior to Ocean Discharge
Author: Ruiz, C., Royano, S., Monzon, I.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 7, 1995
Abstract: Peracetic acid (PAA) is the active component of a series of disinfectant products developed for the treatment of wastewater. These products have only recently been introduced onto the market so little published information exists about their efficiency. In this work the disinfection efficiency of PAA has been experimentally studies on raw wastewater, along with eventual regrowth after the ocean discharge of the treated water. Great variability has been observed in the inactivation of total coliforms by PAA, the influence of the pH of the wastewater was noteworthy. The disinfection action takes place in short time (around 5 to 10 minutes). After disinfection and mixing with real sea water the total coliforms present greater T90 values and disappearance times, having increased their concentration under laboratory conditions and in darkness.
Title: Evaluation of Innovative Wastewater Treatment Technology
Author: Qasim, Syed R.; Parker, Clinton E.
Source: International Journal of Environmental Studies: Section A Environmental Studies v 44 n 1 1993 p 45-52.
Abstract: The Clean Water Act of 1997 (PL 95-217) defined and authorised special construction grant provisions for wastewater treatment called Innovative and Alternative (I/A) Technology Program. The grant provisions allow for increased grant funding for application of non-conventional systems which provide reduced costs for environmental benefits. Technologies that come under this program are treatment processes or components which have not been fully proven and can be used to achieve: reuse and recycle of wastewater and sludge, reduction of cost and energy compared to conventional treatment methods, or provide simple and economical treatment for small communities. Funding for field testing to evaluate emerging technologies before funds are committed to a full scale system was included in the program by the 1991 Clean Water Act Amendments. The field test provision provides an opportunity to evaluate emerging, high risk technologies which offer a very high potential for advancing treatment technology.
Title Evaluation of On-Site Disposal Options
Author: P.M. Geary
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 59-62, 1993.
Abstract: A number of on-site disposal options were evaluated for a small community in northern NSW. Individual allotments were assessed in relation to land capability constraints to on-site disposal. The feasibility of a community-based on-site scheme using a number of alternative options was examined and compared to a proposal for a centralised sewerage scheme for the town.
Title: Experimental Plants for very Small Communities: Choice and Design Criteria for Five Different Processes
Author: Boutin, C., Lienard, A., Ramain, J.L., Beyeler, L.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 28, No 10, 1993
Abstract: Waste Stabilisation ponds and land treatment seepage, which are generally used for very small communities, are being used less frequently due to their specificity and their lack of suitability in certain cases (ground characteristics, available space, fragile receiving bodies, etc..) This article gives the choice criteria for the proposed new series for 5 communities sized between 50 and 400 person equivalents, together with a detailed description of the facilities: septic tank + covered infiltration bed; horizontal settling-digestion tank + covered infiltration bed; settling-digestion tank (Imhoff) + trickling filter + infiltration bed; pond + covered infiltration bed; reed-bed filters.
Title: Exploring Wastewater Treatment --- A Treasure Chest of Technologies
Author: J.C. Goldman Jr. and Paul T. Bowen
Source: Pollution Engineering, September 1, 1992
Abstract: General overview of industrial wastewater treatment technologies.
Title: Feasibility of Anaerobic Sewage Treatment in Sanitation Strategies in Developing Countries
Author: G.J. Alaerts, S. Veenstra, M. Bentvelsen and L.A. van Duijl
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 179-186, 1993.
Abstract: Sanitation strategies in the growing cities may aim at protection of shallow groundwater, public health protection, removal of oxygen-consuming substances and removal of nutrients. It is shown that anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater in UASB type reactors has become a feasible treatment option in those strategies. This study investigates the merits of the technology for on-site management of black and grey wastewater, and for off-site centralised treatment. At on-site scale where effluent is leached into the ground, anaerobic reactors offer no advantage over cheaper leaching pits. At larger centralised scale, anaerobic reactors have performed well and reliably over longer periods. Post-treatment may be required, but the total treatment is financially advantageous in warm climates; if land cost is low long-retention ponds may be more attractive, however. In addition, the technology’s characteristics open the possibility to develop "intermediate" solutions at township-level based on low-cost (shallow and small-bore) sewerage and reactors for communities of typically 100 up to 1000 households. Sludge, produced in lower quantity, dries easily. Pathogen removal is limited, and biogas production only a minor asset.
Title: Feasibility Studies and Design of a Public Sewage Collection, Treatment and Outfall Scheme for the South Coast of Barbados
Author: Herbert, J.C.; Fries, M.K.; Archer, A.B.
Source: Water Science and Technology Proceedings of the IAWPC Specialized Conference on Wastewater Management in Coastal Areas Mar 31-Apr 2 1992 v 25 n 1 2 1992 Montpellier, Fr p 3-12.
Abstract: In 1988, as part of commitment to maintain and improve the quality of beaches and nearshore waters along Barbados’ densely populated south and west coasts, the Government of Barbados commissioned Reid Crowther International to carry out feasibility studies and the detailed engineering design of a public sewage collection, treatment and outfall scheme for the south coast. The studies and designs were completed in 1990 and the Government is now negotiating with the Inter-American Development Bank for funding to pay for the construction of the project. The paper describes project background, estimation of design flows and loads, and treatment plant/outfall design including the detailed marine studies undertaken for the project. Interesting aspects of the sewage collection system design, including the proposed use of "No-Dig" trenchless sewer technology and the project’s environmental impact assessment are also described.
Title: Guidelines for Improving Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Technical Report
Author: Andrews, R.N.; Lord, W.B.; O’Toole, L.J.; Requena, R.F.; Brantley, E.
Source: Sponsored by Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., Office of Health; Performed by CDM-Washington Project, Arlington, VA
Abstract: Pollution from wastewater and solid waste is a significant problem for developing countries, especially in urban and peri-urban areas. The report presents a methodology for improving waste management within these limitations. According to the methodology, there are three possible points of intervention; the individuals and institutions responsible for pollution, those responsible for waste management (e.g., environmental resource and water treatment plant managers), and policies and actions to diminish the adverse effects of pollution. The methodology has four steps: (1) determining the health, environmental, social, and economic impacts of poor waste management; (2) identifying key groups and institutions whose decisions and actions affect waste management; (3) examining technologies, policy instruments, and institutions (the three key components of any waste management program); and (4) developing, from the best combination of these three components, a strategy for a national program or a project funded by international donors. Such a strategy should be guided by five principles: health risk reduction, pollution prevention by reducing waste at the source of recycling, provision of efficient services, cost recovery from those who benefit, and selection of appropriate treatment and disposal technologies
Title: History and Application of Microbiological Water Quality Standards in the Marine Environment
Author: Henry J. Salas
Source: Second Meeting of Experts on Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region
Abstract: The history and application of microbiological water quality standards in the marine environment for primary contact recreation and shell fish harvesting are presented.....
Title: How Appropriate are "Appropriate Waste Management Technologies?" --- Defining the Future Challenge
Author: Bhamidimarri, R., Shilton, A.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 34, No 11, 1996
Abstract: The growing concerns of resource depletion and the consequential environmental degradation coupled with the ever widening gap between the developed and the developing countries has produced a need for a critical evaluation of waste management technologies. The conventional-criteria based definition of appropriate technologies is unsatisfactory. The principle of sustainability must be incorporated along with issues such as infrastructure capacity and the technology gap. It was concluded that a relevant technology based on holistic principles is more "appropriate" than one based on a set of criteria.
Title: The Impact of Industrial Waste on Venezuelan Marine Water
Author: Frank Roberts, Carmen Guarino and Marlene Arias
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 29, No. 8 pp. 51-60, 1994.
Abstract: The Puerto Cabello-Moron coastal area of Venezuela is an ideal location for industries that require large land areas, water, marine transportation, minimum habitation, cooling water and waste disposal options both on land and sea. However, mercury spills between 1957 and 1976 have produced concern in the entire coastal zone from Puerto Cabello to Chichiriviche (70 kilometres of coastline) and the National Park area. MARNR, the Ministry of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources in Venezuela requested Bechtel to evaluate the impact of the major industries in this area. Bechtel’s investigation included chemical, biological and toxicity analysis of the rivers, and key locations along the coast and the sea and industrial effluents. In addition, a literature search was made of any previous work to assist in the evaluation and recommendations for any necessary corrective action. The investigation identified negative impacts due to the effluent discharge of the major industries. Recommendations for wastewater management included installation of wastewater stabilisation lagoons for treatment and ocean outfalls for final effluent disposal.
Title: Innovative Technologies for Treatment of Oily Wastewater
Author: Andrew Benedek
Source: Iron and Steel Engineer, June, 1992
Abstract: Two innovative, economical processes for treating oily wastewaters are in operation that meet stringent discharge regulations and avoid the production of large volumes of sludge. One system involves ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis and the other is based on membrane treatment followed by a biological process.
Title: Integrated Constructed Wetland for Small Communities
Author: Urbanc-Bercic, O., Bulc, T.
Source: ?????????
Abstract: Constructed wetlands proved to be an effective and low-cost technology to control environmental pollution. The introduction of such low-tech systems is supported by the Slovenian Government. The aim of our research project was to intensify the reduction of nutrients (nitrogen compounds mainly) prior to discharging the effluents into the rivers, a contribution to the common target of the global environmental policy. The construction of the integrated system was completed in Autumn 1993 to treat domestic sewage for 10 PE. The system consists of three interconnected beds with vertical and horizontal flows. The vertical flow at the first stage is intermittent, while the horizontal one is continuous. The system is flexible due to mode of operation and the quality of the influent. Ten analyses were made during the initial months of operation. In bed B nitrification was taking place and the reduction of all other parameters but NO3-N was documented. In bed A denitrification was on in spite of intermittent vertical flow. Since the reed stand was scarce, recultivation was needed. The system showed its characteristics more clearly when more concentrated domestic wastewater was led in. Further investigation should reveal further details on proper media, surface area, and flow sequence selection. Reduction of some parameters was as follows: NH3-N 97.5%, NO3-N 74.5%, org-N 84.4%, P-tot 97.1% and COD 94.4%.
Title: Land Treatment of Wastewater - Technology with Exciting Potential
Author: Goldstein, Nora
Source: Bio Cycle v 22n 1 Jan-Feb 1981 p 34-37
Abstract: The paper reports on wastewater treatment, highlights several innovative and alternative wastewater treatment facilities and discusses spray irrigation as a method of wastewater treatment.
Title: Lateral-Flow Sand-Filter System for Septic-Tank Effluent Treatment
Author: Check, G.G.; Waller, D.H.; Lee, S.A.; Pask, D.A.; Mooers, J.D.
Source: Water Environment Research v 66 n 7 Nov-Dec 1994 Water Environment Federation Alexandria VA USA p 919-928.
Abstract: The lateral-flow sand filter (LFSF) is an alternative system for household septic-tank effluent treatment that utilises periodic or continuous surface discharge. The purpose of this study was to document the LFSF system, evaluate its treatment capabilities in laboratory models, and optimise design parameters. Three 5.0-meter-long laboratory models, each with a different permeability sand fill, were dosed with septic-tank effluent for six months. After an initial development period, percentage removals for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids, and coliform bacteria from all the models were excellent. Orthophosphate initially was attenuated but showed increasing values after a few months. Recommendations are made as to a suitable permeability range of sand fills to use in the LFSF system, adequate depth of sand fill and overall system dimensions. Laboratory modelling, shows that the LFSF system is capable of providing a high level of treatment to household wastewater and that it should be suitable as a remedial or alternative system for household wastewater disposal.
Title: Long-Term Impacts of Sewage Effluent Disposal on a Tropical Wetland
Author: P.L. Osborne and R.G. Totome
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 111-117, 1994.
Abstract: Waigani Lake, near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, is part of an extensive wetland dominated by the Laloki and Brown Rivers. The wetland has received sewage effluent from stabilisation ponds for over 25 years. Water quality of the sewage, Waigani Lake and its outflow assessed in 1985 indicated that the wetland was significantly reducing suspended solid loads and the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Aerial photographs of Waigani Lake taken between 1966 and 1991 document the complete loss of submerged and floating-leaved plants and the decline in the extent of the littoral, emergent vegetation. These changes are related to sewage effluent disposal and, possibly, alterations in the magnitude of annual water level fluctuations. This study of a tropical wetland to which very large quantities of sewage effluent have been added demonstrates that the capacity of wetlands for water purification is limited and that further study on tropical wetlands is imperative before management strategies developed for temperature wetlands are applied directly to them.
Title: Low-Tech Systems for High Levels of BOD5 and Ammonia Removal
Author: Rich, Linvil G.
Source: Public Works v 127 n 4 Apr 1996 Public Works Journal Corp Ridgewood NJ USA p 41-42
Abstract: High levels of BOD5 and ammonia removal are generally associated with high-technology treatment systems. Such performance is rarely expected from low-tech system especially from those whose past application most often have been in situations where the flow rates are relatively low. However, the performance of three low-tech water treatment systems located in South Carolina is surprising. This paper discusses in general terms the design, performance, and operation of these systems.
Title: Mexican Project Combines Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Author: ????????
Source: Water Engineering & Management, October 1994
Abstract: Discussion on how a treatment plant treats wastewater from a city of 500,000 people and oily wastewater from an oil refinery in Mexico. (Short 1 page article)
Title: Natural Treatment Systems
Author: Andrew P. Kruzic
Source: Water Environment Research, June, 1994
Abstract: Natural treatment systems for wastewater can be divided into two broad categories: soil-based systems, which include subsurface, rapid infiltration / soil aquifer treatment, overland flow, and slow rate systems; and aquatic systems, which include ponds, aquatic systems with floating plants, and wetland systems. Each system type has different constraints, operating conditions, and design criteria.
Title A New Process to Treat Strong Biological Waste
Author: D.P. Henry and R.H. Thomson
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 213-218, 1993
Abstract: Strong brewery waste was trickled through a vertical curtain consisting of two 3 mm layers of reticulated polyurethane foam bonded to a reinforcing nylon cloth core. A filamentous fungus, Geotrichum fragrans adhered to the curtain and provided a matrix for other yeasts and aerobic bacteria which included Kloeckera lindneri and Candida sp., and a Corynebacterium sp. The organisms grew as a lawn. To avoid anaerobiosis the lawn was harvested periodically by passing the curtain through rollers, leaving a viable representative residue of the population. Passage through 6 m of curtain reduced a TOD of 555,000 mg/L-1 to 3,330 mg/L-1 (94%). Probably the length of the curtain could be reduced to 4 m with a residence time of 9.6h. One m2 of curtain with a 4 m fall can treat 15 L/day-1. A further waste from pigs (2% solids) was acidogenically fermented to produce organic acids. The acids during clarification were used to kill the bacterial pathogens in the waste. The liquor was run through a curtain inoculated with suitable organisms. These removed the unpleasant odour and 88% of the TOD in a 4m passage through the curtain. Treatment time: fermentation 5d, clarification and removal of pathogens 2d, treatment in curtain 0.3d, total 7.3d.
Title: The Option of Appropriate System for Wastewater Treatment in Low-Density Areas
Author: Ukita, M., Shirota, H., Nakanishi, H.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 28, No 10, 1993
Abstract: The method for selecting the appropriate treatment system in low-density areas was studied by statistical data analyses and questionnaire surveys. The main results obtained are as follows: 1) The efficiency of sewerage service has been decreasing. With decrease of the population density in served areas, treatment cost is increasing from 7000 yen/household in 1961 to near 40000 yen/household in 1989. 2) By considering the external cost of treated water quality, the marginal house density beyond which collective systems become advantageous, was estimated to be 9.5 houses/ha compared to the original value of 13 houses/ha. 3) Improvement of water quality, saving energy, and efficient uses of sludge are considered to be important for the environmental impact of sewerage systems. Suitable allocation of optional treatment systems, energy saving technology and prevention of sludge contamination must be the important issues for the sewerage service on a small scale.
Title: Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment with Aerated Submerged Fixed-Film Reactor (ASFFR) Under High Organic Loading Rate
Author: T.J. Park, K.H. Lee, D.S. Kim, and C.W. Kim
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 34, No. 10 pp. 9-16, 1996.
Abstract: An aerated submerged fixed-film reactor (ASFFR) was developed to treat a petrochemical wastewater with high organic loading rate, where stationary submerged biofilms were attached to net-type media (SARAN 1000D) under diffused aeration. The specific surface area of SARAN 1000D was 40 m2/m3 approximately. The organic removal ability of the reactor was tested in three lab-scale ASFFRs. The reactor demonstrated 91.8-96.6% removal of efficiencies of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and exhibited efficient and stable performance of organic loadings of 1.02-6.21 kg COD/M3 day. When the media packing ratio increased the COD removal efficiency increased, while the effluent COD and SS concentrations were stable. The organic removal rates were dependent on the effluent SCOD concentration and the reaction orders were the same as or lower than 0.5. Based on the experimental results, the ASFFR should be very suitable for treating petrochemical wastewater with relatively high organic loading rate. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: Planning Replicable Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Developing Nations
Author: Gaber, A.; Antill, M.; Kimball, W.; Wahab, Abdel R.
Source: Water Science and Technology Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Jun 28-30 1993 v 28 n 10 1993 Trondheim, Norw.
Abstract: The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community’s sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalising national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United Stated AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principles of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which where designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.
Title: Planted Soil Filter, A Wastewater Treatment System for Rural Areas
Author: Netter, Robert
Source: Water Science and Technology Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Jun 28-30 1993 v 28 n 10 1993 Trondheim, Norw.
Abstract: Three planted soil filters for wastewater treatment (constructed wetlands with subsurface water flow) were investigated over an extended period of time. Each of them was filled with different kinds of soils. The filters were planted with helophytes, and loaded with septic tank effluent, with pre-treated combined sewerage respectively. The hydraulic surface loading varied from 4 to 60 mm/d and the specific BOD5 mass loading from 0.9 to 8.7 g per square meter per day. The purification efficiency varied between 5 and almost 100%. The removal rate of the total bacterial count, coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci was significant.
Title: Public Health Significance of Coastal and Sea Pollution
Author: E. Giroult, WHO
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 9-10, 1995
Abstract: Pollution of the sea and coastal areas is outlined in terms of the health risks to the residents of coastal areas, tourists and marine workers. The activities of WHO, separately or in collaboration with other bodies is described.
Title: Review on the present state of marine pollution by sewage and present monitoring and control practices in the wider Caribbean.
Author: CEPPOL
Source: CEPPOL Seminar on Monitoring and Control of Sanitary Quality of Bathing and Shellfish-Growing Waters in the Wider Caribbean
Abstract: This document was prepared to provide a general reference on the status of marine pollution by sewage in the Wider Caribbean and its monitoring and control
Title: Rotavirus Removal in Experimental Waste Stabilisation Pond Systems with Different Geometrics and Configurations
Author: J. I. Oragui, H. Arridge, D.D. Mara, H.W. Pearson and S.A. Silva
Source: Wat. Sci Tech. Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 285-290, 1995.
Abstract: Rotavirus removal in waste stabilisation ponds is a relatively slow process: in a series of ten ponds (a 1-d anaerobic pond followed by nine 2-d ponds) its numbers were reduced from 1.4 x 105 per litre to zero, and in an "innovative" series (a 1-day anaerobic pond, 3-d facultative pond, 3.8-d, 3-d and 5-d maturation ponds) from 5.1 x 104 per litre to <5 per litre. Faecal coliforms were better indicators of rotaviruses than was Clostridium perfringens.
Title: Skimming Oily Wastewater
Author: Tom Hobson
Source: Pollution Engineering, October 1996
Abstract: Brief discussion on advantages of skimming and reuse of fugitive oil sources in industrial wastes..
Title: Small Diameter Sewer -- A Cost Effective Technology for Wastewater Collection in Latin American Countries
Author: Charles Vanderlyn
Source: Seminar on Appropriate and Innovative Wastewater Technologies for Latin American Countries
Abstract: Small Diameter Sewer --- This technology, because of its relatively lower capital cost, is appropriate for the collection of wastewaters in the industrialised countries of South America as well as the newly developing countries
Title: Strategies in Agroindustrial Wastewater Treatment
Author: M. Sendic
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 12, 1995
Abstract: In this paper, the wastewater treatments of the three most significant agroindustries in Uruguay, slaughterhouse, woolscouring and tannery, are described. Different strategies are used depending on: type of industry, localisation, economical possibilities, innovative disposition of management officers. Although more work must be done to improve with "reasonable" costs the wastewater treatments of these industries, actual results are presented. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: Submarine Outfalls - general overview, basic design concepts and data requirements for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Author: UNEP
Source: Second Meeting of Experts on Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region
Abstract: Submarine Outfalls - general overview, basic design concepts and data requirements for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Title: Submarine outfalls - a viable alternative for sewage discharge of coastal cities in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Author: UNEP
Source: Second Meeting of Experts on Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Wider Caribbean Region
Abstract: An overview of present sewage disposal practices in Latin America and the Caribbean is given as well as a brief outline of the main alternatives available for sewage disposal in coastal cities.
Title: Treatment and Disposal of Domestic Sewage Sludge and Nightsoil Sludge for Bangkok
Author: U. Stoll and K. Parameswaran
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 209-217, 1996.
Abstract: In the recent past, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge has become an expensive and environmentally sensitive problem in western countries. It is becoming a growing problem world-wide with its focus on the megacities in the newly developed countries, since sludge production will continue to increase as new sewage treatment plants are built and environmental quality standards become more stringent. With some traditional disposal routes coming under pressure, the challenge facing the wastewater treatment authorities is to find cost-effective and environmentally sound solutions whilst responding to increasing public awareness. This paper describes the development of a plan for integrated management of municipal sludge (sewage sludge, nightsoil/septage sludge) which has high security for medium-and long-term sludge utilisation and disposal as the goal. It concludes that incineration and agricultural use should be implemented and operated in parallel as first priority options. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: Treatment of Septage Using Single and Two Stage Activated Sludge Batch Reactors Systems
Author: Andreadakis, A., Kondili, G., Mamais, D., Noussi, A
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 12, 1995
Abstract: The cyclic or sequencing batch activated sludge process was applied for the treatment of septage originating from cesspools serving non-sewered areas. Single and two stage systems were investigated in benth scale units. The single stage aerated system was capable in removing practically all the biodegradable COD and producing a well stabilised excess sludge with excellent settling and thickening characteristics. With respect to nitrogen the average removal rate was to the order of 70%, but the performance was unstable due to periodic strong inhibition of the nitrification process. Subsequent treatment in a second stage aerated unit improved nitrification but did not result in higher nitrogen removal rates due to the increased concentrations of oxidised nitrogen. An anoxic second stage post dentification unit resulted in an overall nitrogen removal of 88%, through a substantial reduction of nitrates. Further improvement of the system, with nitrogen removal of about 95% and average effluent nitrogen concentrations lower than 10 mg/L-1, can be achieved by adoption of a two stage system consisting of a first aerated stage unit, followed by a second stage unit with alternating aerated and anoxic cycles and addition of external carbon during the anoxic cycle.
Title: Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater
Author: Martinez, J., Borzacconi, L., Mallo, M., Galisteo, M., Vinas, M.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 12, 1995
Abstract: In this paper an evaluation of the effluent treatment plant of a slaughterhouse which processes 650 head of cattle a day is presented. Some problems in the operation of the anaerobic reactor and anaerobic lagoons caused by the presence of fats and suspended solids in the effluent were detected. A flotation system by pressurised air injection was tested at the plant. The fat removal efficiency obtained was 63% and 37% for red water and green water, respectively. In order to improve the hydrolysis of particulate matter, a system of two UASB reactors with recirculation, connected in series, was tested at laboratory scale. Removal efficiency was 77% for soluble COD and 82% for insoluble COD, at a volumetric load of 1.8 kgCOD/m3/d. Based on the results of these studies, several modifications in the treatment plant were proposed. Copyright ã 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science LTD.
Title: Treatment System of Wastewater from Rural Settlements with Batch Activated Sludge
Author: Yuyama, Y.; Kujino, K.; Miyamoto, Y.; Oonishi, R.
Source: Water Science and Technology Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Jun 28-30 1993 v 28 n 10 1993 Trondheim, Norw Publ by Pergamon Press Inc. Tarrytown NY USA p 223-232.
Abstract: The treatment system for rural communities with Batch Activated Sludge process was improved. The focus was on removal of nitrogen by intermittent aeration. Following the experimental results, treated waste quality lower than 10 mg/l of BOD and T-N was ensured throughout the year, under the operational conditions of hydraulic retention time in aeration tank longer than 24 h and ML SS higher than 2,500 mg/l. Treated water quality of T-N was less than 5 mg/l within cumulative frequency of 66%. Removal capacity of T-N did not reach its limit under conditions less than 0.5 kgN/M+3/d of influent load. Estimating from the nitrogen removal rate, consumption of alkalinity, characteristics of biomass growth and the amount of nitrogen content in MLSS. 77% of influent nitrogen was identified, 18% of that was discharged as treated water and 5% of that was extracted as excess sludge or SS in treated water. Fluctuation patterns of DO and ORP in a cycle by seasonally changed water temperature were effective indices for regulation of operation. A remote monitoring system was helpful to support the measurement, because it enabled maintenance staff to judge urgency of management from the latest real time data.
Title: Treatment of Wastewater from Oil Manufacturing Plant by Yeasts
Author: K. Chigusa, T. Hasegawa, N. Yamamoto, and Y. Watanabe
Source: Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 51-58, 1996.
Abstract: Nine strains of yeasts capable of decomposing oil were isolated in order to directly treat wastewater from oil manufacturing plants with no pre-treatment. The oil decomposing ability of these yeast strains was evaluated in terms of lipase activity and B-oxidation activity. Since the mixture of the isolated yeasts was superior to any single strain in the oil removal rate, a pilot plant utilising the mixed strains was operated at the soybean oil factory. Following a one year pilot plant operation, it was found that 10,000 mg/L-1 of hexane extracts in the raw wastewater could be reduced by yeast treatment to a concentration of about 100 mg/L-3. This concentration was further treated by the activated sludge process to 2 mg/L-1. The dominant yeasts in the pilot plant were found to form mycelial or pseudomycelial pellets and have low fermenting ability. Copyright 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Title: Treatment of Wastewater by Stabilisation Ponds --- Application to Tunisian Conditions
Author: Ghrabi, A., Ferchichi, M., Drakides, C.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 28, No 10, 1993
Abstract: An experimental study of the domestic wastewater treatment in a series of four pilot-scale stabilisation ponds was conducted. The objective was to adapt the treatment by waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) to Tunisian conditions. The obtained results show that the average values of removal are about 72% for BOD, 65% for COD and more than 50% for ammonia nitrogen. The phosphate concentration was influenced by release of phosphate from decomposition sediment. The elimination of total coliform, faecal coliform and faecal streptococci is between 99.3% and 99.99%. The most rate reduction was registered during the warm months which coincide with the irrigation season. The sediment accumulation is taken mainly in the first pond: the deposition rate is high (5 cm/year). In the three maturation ponds, it ranges from 1.3 to 1.6 cm/yr. The WSP can be designed to satisfy Tunisian conditions. Because of favourable climate, loading can be much higher than those reported in the literature and some of the disadvantages of the ponds system can be reduced. So we can economise in evaporation of effluent which is considered as a resource of irrigation in agriculture and we can reduce the surface area.
Title: Upgrading of a Small Wastewater Treatment Plant: Design and Operation Aspects
Author: Hatziconstantinou, G., Kalergis, C., Grivas, A
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 32, No 7, 1995
Abstract: This paper presents the case of a small wastewater treatment plant taken out of service due to insufficient design and equipment installed. Design assumptions and decisions made for plant restoration based on treatment requirements are outlined and plant operation aspects regarding revealed wastewater characteristics, process efficiency, sludge settling behaviour and equipment control, are discussed. The importance of wastewater characterisation as a necessary procedure prior to plant design and construction, is stressed and the feasibility of nutrient removal in small wastewater treatment plants under minimum supervision is assessed. A simplified mathematical model, as a useful tool to operators, for plant performance evaluated and prediction, is presented.
Title: Use of Wetlands for Water Pollution Control in Australia: An Ecological Perspective
Author: Mitchell, D.S.; Chick, A.J.; Raisin, G.W.
Source: Water Science and Technology Proceedings of the 1994 4th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control Nov 6-10 1994 v 32 n 3 1995 Guangzhou, China Pergamon Press Inc. Tarrytown NY USA p. 365-373.
Abstract: The potential use of natural and constructed wetlands to treat rural and urban wastewaters and run-off has been under active investigation in Australia by the authors and others associated with them for about 15 years. The results of these investigations will be briefly summarised in relation to factors affecting their performance and their application for management of water pollution. Investigations have included rigorous experimentation with wetland microcosms, calculation of nutrient balances for natural and artificial wetlands, fundamental research on the role of wetland plants, the construction of experimental wetlands of various designs at a pilot scale, and the installation of operating systems. The results confirm the potential of wetland systems to ameliorate water quality but do not demonstrate how to do this consistently under normal day-to-day operating conditions. Issues that now need to be addressed include hydraulic short-circuiting, the role and management of the wetland plants, the extent to which constructed systems should mimic natural systems, and problems associated with scaling up from successful experimental systems to full scale operating treatment plants.
Title: Using an Anaerobic Filter to Treat Soft-Drink Bottling Water
Author: J.L. Carter, R. Bills, B. Youger
Source: Water Environment & Technology
Abstract: Shasta Beverage Inc. and Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Mid-America, Inc. bottling plants are located in the Lenexa Industrial Park, Kansas, which is just west of metropolitan Kansas City, MO. The wastewater from this industrial park discharges to the Johnson County Unified Wastewater Districts Middle Basin wastewater treatment plant.
Title: Wastewater Disposal in the Caribbean: Status and Strategies
Author: Arthur B. Archer
Source: PAHO Bulletin, Vol. 24, No 2, 1990
Title: Wastewater Treatment / Disposal for Small Communities, Manual
Author: Bowker, R.; Frigon, G.; Kreissl, J; Otis, R.
Source: EPA, Cincinnati, OH
Abstract: The manual describes the key issues that must be addressed by small communities in developing a wastewater management program: planning, management, site evaluation, wastewater characteristics, and technological alternatives. Small community planners and management officials can use the manual as a project development guide. It can also be used with more detailed technical resource documents to guide consulting engineers and state regulators through project design and construction.
Title: Wastewater Treatment of Greater Agadir (Morocco): An Original Solution for Protecting the Bay of Agadir by Using Dune Sands
Author: Bennani, A.C., Lary, J., Nrhira, A., Razouki, L., Bize, J., Nivault, N.
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 25, No 12, 1992
Abstract: The wastewater treatment by infiltration-percolation plant at Ben Sergao (a suburb of Agadir, Morocco) foreshadows the installation which will be able to be built for greater Agadir (first fraction, 40,000 m^3/d). The present plant treats 1,000 m^3/d of highly concentrated raw effluents which after being decanted in an anaerobic stabilisation pond are infiltrated into 5 infiltration basins of 1,500 m^2 each constituted by a bed 2 metres thick of eolian sand drained at its base. The decanted water infiltrates at a rate of one metre per day. With this process, 100 % of the suspended matter, and 95% of the COD are removed, 85% of the nitrogen is oxidised. The parasites are entirely eliminated and the number of faecal coliforms and streptococci is made 10,000 to 100,000 times smaller. A series of experiments of irrigation by the treated effluents is under way.
Title: Wastewater Treatment Meets Third World Needs
Author: Alan B. Nichols
Source: Journal. Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 59, No. 8
Abstract: A revolution is sparking major changes in the environmental conditions of the Third World has taken place at the World Bank. This unilateral lending institution, with billions of dollars in assets --- the leader in municipal infrastructure loans --- has, for the past 12 years, begun to stress the importance of preserving the environmental integrity of a geographic location while improving the area’s infrastructure.
Title: Wastewater Treatment Optimization Model for Developing Nations I: Model Development
Author: K.V. Ellis, S.L. Tang
Source: Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 117, No 4, July/August 1991
Abstract: This paper concerns techniques of systems analysis and operations research used to select the optimal --- or most appropriate --- wastewater treatment in the developing world. Existing treatment optimisation models apply techniques of linear programming, dynamic programming and non-linear mathematical programming but do not deal with the influences of sociocultural and environmental conditions. In this paper subjective or intangible factors are included with technical and economic considerations. Twenty parameters identified include technical, economic, environmental and sociocultural factors. A model including these 20 parameters is developed to rank a definite number (n) of wastewater treatment alternatives (decision variable). The model applies a recently developed systems analysis technique called the analytical hierarchy process to integrate a 20 x 20 parameter matrix with 20 n x n decision variable matrices to obtain the final ranking of the treatment alternatives. The model was tested with data from treatment plants in Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
Title: Wastewater Treatment Optimization Model for Developing World. II: Model Testing
Author: S.L. Tang, K.V. Ellis
Source: Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 120, No 3, May/June 1994
Abstract: This paper describes the testing of a wastewater treatment optimisation model for the developing world (described by Ellis & Tang in 1991) in applications to four existing wastewater treatment units (in Puchong, Malaysia; Shatin, Hong Kong; Min Shen, Taiwan; and Pattaya, Thailand). In each case, a reciprocal matrix of a suitable number of wastewater-treatment alternatives (decision variables) was developed for each of 20 technical and socio-economic parameters. These 20 parameters are flow capacity, influent and effluent characteristics, size of treatment site, nature of site, land cost for site, local/foreign money for construction, local skill for construction, community support, power source, availability of local material, cost of operation and maintenance, professional/technical skill for operation and maintenance, administration set up, training, professional ethics climate, waterborne diseases, and endemic vector-borne diseases. The matrices were then integrated by a computer program to obtain a final ranking of the original alternatives using the analytical hierarchy process mathematical technique. The model was also tested for its sensitivity in predicting changes to an appropriate technology selected as socioeconomic parameters change with time.
Title: Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Aspects of Lake Valencia, Venezuela
Author: Mark Lansdell & Luis M. Carbonell
Source: Water Science Technology, Vol. 24, No 9, pg 19-30, 1991
Abstract: The environmental problems of the Lake Valencia Basin are described. A multipurpose project for the treatment and reuse of 9.5 meters cubed / sec of wastewater, which has received approval for international funding, is discussed along with technological adaptations to local opportunities and limitations.
Title: Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Author: J. Kevin Farmer
Source: Pollution Engineering, September, 1991
Abstract: Wastewater treatment technologies for food processing plants.
Title: Waste Water Treatment Technologies - Pit Latrines and Derivatives
Authors: Dr. Bernd J. Kaltwasser
Source: CEHI (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute)
Abstract: Discussion of pit latrines. Includes design considerations, theory of operation and appropriate applications
Title: Waste Water Treatment Technologies - Septic Tanks
Author: Dr. Bernd J. Kaltwasser
Source: CEHI (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute)
Abstract: Discussion of septic tanks. Includes design, sludge handling, effluent disposal and its appropriate applications.
Chapter 1. | Chapter 2. | Chapter 3. | Chapter 4. | Chapter 5. | Chapter 6. | Chapter 7. | References | Appendix A. | Appendix B. | Appendix C. | Appendix D. | Appendix E.
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