Ecotourism in the Wider Caribbean Region: An Assessment	Report Contents Report in Word Format
	CEP Technical Report No. 31 1994	All CEP Technical Reports

V. References

1. 1.Anderson, Susan (editor). New Investment and Development Opportunities in Tourism - The National Park System and Ecotourism. Papers presented to the Second Workshop on National Parks in Jamaica, June 18-19, 1992. Stencil. Jamaica, 1992.

2. Arzola Betancourt, Ricardo. Nuevas tendencias del turismo. Stencil of a transcript of a lecture in the Dominican Republic. August. 1992.

3. Bermúdez A., Fernando. Evolución del Turismo en las Areas Silvestres - Período 1982-1991. Stencil, Servicio de Parques Nacionales, Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas. Costa Rica, 1992.

4. Bermúdez A., Fernando y Yadira Mena (compilers). Parques nacionales de Costa Rica - 1992. Publication of the Servicio de Parques Nacionales, Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas. Costa Rica, 1992.

5. Bonaire Marine Park. Cuadros estadísticos. Manuscript. Bonaire, 1992.

6. Bonaire Marine Park. Informaciones diversas. Information pamphlets. Bonaire, various years.

7. Bonaire Marine Park. Introduction of visitor fees - Background Paper. Stencil. Bonaire, 1991.

8. Bonaire Tourism Corporation. Tourism Statistics Reports. Stencil without title. Bonaire, 1992.

9. Bonaire Tourism Office. Structure Plan of Bonaire. Cited by the Bonaire Marine Park, 1991.

10. Boo, Elizabeth. Ecotourism: the potentials and pitfalls, World Wildlife Fund. USA, 1990.

11. Caribbean Tourism Organization. Eco-tourism - A CTO Market Guide. Stencil. Barbados. 1992.

12. Caribbean Tourism Organization. Papers presented at the Second Caribbean Conference on Ecotourism. Stencil. US Virgin Islands, 1992.

13. Caribbean Tourism Organization. First Caribbean Conference on Ecotourism, Belize July 9-12, 1991 - Recommendations. Stencil. 1991.

14. Ceballos Lascurain, Hector. Estudio de prefactibilidad socioeconómica del turismo ecológico y anteproyecto

arquitectónico y urbanístico del Centro de Turismo Ecológico de Sian Ka'an, Quintana Roo. Mexico, 1987. (Cited by Elizabeth Boo, 1990).

15. Chacón Jiménez, Luis Manuel. Address of the Minister of Tourism of Costa Rica to the II International Symposium on Ecology, Tourism and Municipality. Stencil. Costa Rica, 1992.

16. Cifuentes, Miguel. Determinación de capacidad de carga turística en áreas protegidas. Technical Series, Informe técnico No.194, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - CATIE. Costa Rica, 1992.

1.17. Dixon, John A. y Paul B. Sherman. Economics of Protected Areas - A New Look at Benefits and Costs Document of the East-West Center. Island Press. USA, 1990.

18. Ecotourism Council of the US Virgin Islands. Meeting Drafts. 1991 y 1992.

19. Governor's Economic Development Committee. The Overall Economic Development Plan for the United States Virgin Islands - Executive Summary Department of Economic Development and Agriculture). US Virgin Islands, 1992.

20. Holder, Jean S. Ecotourism - A fad or a way of life?. Paper presented to the First Caribbean Conference on Ecotourism. Belice, 1991.

21. Ingram, C. Denise y Patrick B. Durst. Nature Tourism as an Alternative Economic Opportunity for Wildlands Management and Rural Development: Marketing, Promotion, and Enterprise Development. Stencil without date.

22. Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. Anuario Estadístico de Turismo - 1991. Statistics from the Departament of Development, ICT. Costa Rica, 1992.

23. Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. Ley de Incentivos para el Desarrollo Turístico - No. 6990. Informative pamphlet. Costa Rica, 1992.

24. Linberg, Kreg. Policies for Maximizing Nature Tourism's Ecological and Economic Benefits. Working document of the World Resources Institute. USA, 1991.

25. Maynard, C.A.. A perspective on Caribbean Ecotourism. Paper presented to the First Caribbean Conference on Ecotourism. Belice, 1991.

26. McNeely, Jeffrey A., James W. Thorsell y Hector Ceballos-Lascurain. Guidelines: Development of National Parks and Protected Areas for Tourism, IUCN for WTO and UNEP. Programme Activity Centre on Industry and Environment, UNEP, UNEP technical reports series No.13. Joint Publication WTO/UNEP. 1992.

27. Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining of Costa Rica. Memoria Anual 1991-1992. Costa Rica, 1992a.

28. Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining of Costa Rica. MIRENEM. Newsletter, vol.1, year 1. Costa Rica, 1992b.

29. Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining of Costa Rica. Reglamento General para los Comités Regionales de las Areas de Conservación. Manuscript, Servicio Nacional de Parques. Costa Rica, 1992c.

30. Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining of Costa Rica. Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación - Un nuevo enfoque Report. Costa Rica, 1992d.

31. Norris, Ruth. Can Ecotourism Save Natural Areas?. National Parks publication, January/February, 1992. USA, 1992.

32. Reubold, Kalli y Tom van't Hof. Revitalisation of the Bonaire Marine Park. Report. Bonaire Marine Park. Bonaire, 1991.

33. Southworth, Sara T.. "Ecotourism case by case" in Travel World News, Monthly publication for travel agents. USA, May 1993.

34. Saint Thomas and Saint John Hotel Association. St.Thomas-St.John Vacation Handbook. U.S.V.I., 1993

35. Thelen, Kyran y Arne Dalfelt. Políticas para el manejo de áreas silvestres. Serie de Educación Ambiental No.1, Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia. 1979 Costa Rica.

36. Tourism Task Force. Tourism Task Force Report - United States Virgin Islands. Informe. Islas Vírgenes de EE.UU., 1991.

37. UNEP Regional Co-ordinating Unit. Caribbean Environment Programme. Relevant documents of the Protocol and Regional Programme on Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife in the Wider Caribbean Region. Jamaica, 1991 and 1992.

38. U.S.V.I. Department of Economic Development & Agriculture. Air Visitors. U.S. Virgin Islands 1989 Visitor Exit Survey. Summary Report. Prepared by the Bureau of Economic Research. U.S.V.I., 1990a.

39. U.S.V.I. Department of Economic Development & Agriculture. Cruise Survey. U.S. Virgin Islands 1989 Visitor Exit Survey. Summary Report. Prepared by the Bureau of Economic Research. U.S.V.I., 1990b.

40. U.S.V.I. Department of Economic Development & Agriculture. Hotel Occupancy Statistics. U.S. Virgin Islands - 1987 to 1990. Summary Report. Prepared by the Bureau of Economic Research. U.S.V.I., 1991.

41. U.S.V.I. Department of Economic Development & Agriculture. National Park Visitor Report - St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Bureau of Economic Research. U.S.V.I., 1993.

42. U.S.V.I. Department of Economic Development & Agriculture. U.S. Virgin Islands Annual Tourism Indicators. Statistics prepared by the Bureau of Economic Research. U.S.V.I., 1992.

43. Venezuela Tourism Corporation. Venezuela y el turismo ecológico. Stencil of the "Dirección del Situado y Equipamiento Turístico". 1992.

44. Whelan, Tensie (editor). Nature Tourism - Managing for the Environment. Island Press. Estados Unidos, 1991.

Suggested Reading

1. Forestry Private Enterprise Initiative. (FPEI). Several documents on ecotourism promotion by Durst, Laarman, Ingram & Wilson. For further information contact: FPEI, P.O.Box 12254, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.

2. Inter American Tourism Institute. The Institute has undertaken relevant research in ecotourism such as El motivo de compra del usuario turístico, Aplicación del marketing estratégico al turismo & Ecoturismo. For further information contact: Inter American Tourism Institute, P.O.Box 20043, Washington, D.C. 20043, USA.

3. McKinsey & Company jointly with the Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund and the Ford Foundation undertook a study on ecotourism between November 1991 and March 1992. The research involves Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Deborah Arcoleo presented a summary of this research to the 2nd Caribbean Conference on Ecotourism (1992). For further information contact Mckinsey & Company, 55 E 52nd. Street, New York.

4. Miller, Marc L. y Jan Auyong, editors of the Proceedings of the 1990 Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism - A Symposium and Workshop on Balancing Conservation and Economic Development, 2 vol. Event convened in Hawai, May 1990. National Coastal Resources Research & Development Institute, Newport, Oregon, USA.

5. Organization of the American States, Washington. The OAS has been working with tourism for a long time and has generated several reports relevant to the Wider Caribbean. Additionally, for the 1992-1993 period, has scheduled activities on international co-operation for tourism development as well as a number of multinational proyects in the following Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, St. Kitts y Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Trinidad & Tobago

6. The PANOS Institute. Towards a Green Central America, published in 1993. 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 301, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA.

Top of Page

ANNEX I.

(g) 40% during high season and 23% during low season.

Table 2: Ecotourism: Concepts and definitions (Cont.d)

Table 3: Protected Terrestrial Areas (Cont.d)

NI No information

Table 4: Coastal protected areas

Table 4: Coastal protected areas (Cont.d)

1 Antigua and Barbuda have provided, in a separate text, some useful information on the status of its protected areas and on areas being considered for protection. The information on coastal protected areas in illegible on the fax.

2 Includes both coastal and marine protected areas.

3 The Bahamas has provided, separately, information on the development of its system of national parks for which 52 area have been identified corresponding to different categories of conservation and covering an area of approximately 15,200 km2. These are predominantly marine and coastal areas.

4 Private property and commercial activities that are not formally integrated in an official promotional programme.

5 There are discrepancies in the case study figures.

6 Indicates a group of areas which have been recommended for protection.

Table 5: Marine protected areas

Table 6: Non-protected areas

NI No information

(a) The Bahamas states that figures were increasing at the time of the survey.

(b) Ecotourism activities are carried out in practically the entire country and it would be almost impossible to identify all the non-protected areas where these type of activities take place.

Table 7: Visitor arrivals

Table 8: Legal and institutional aspects (Section VIII of the survey)

Table 8: Legal and institutional aspects (Cont.d)

Table 9: Planning

Table 10: Bases for the development of ecotourism (Contd.)

Table 11: Protected Wildlands in Costa Rica

Table 12: International Tourist Arrival in Costa Rica according to zones and countries 1989-1991

Table 13: International Tourist arrivals in Costa Rica according to zones, 1992-1991

Source: Costa Rican Tourism Institute, 1992

Table 14: Tourism in Costa Rica and visits to National Parks

1/ The data does not include stop-over tourists arriving on cruise ships.

2/ The rates calculated include only the extreme years of each series.

Source: National Parks' Services (MINEREM), 1992

Costa Rican Tourism Institute, 1992

Table 15: Tourist indications for the Virgin Islands 1980-1991

(a) Tourists and excursionists are those who stay more than 24 hours or less, respectively.

(b) Those docking at St. Thomas and/or St. John.

(c) The accumulative annual growth rate between the extreme years of a series.

Source: Economic and Agricultural Development Secretariat (1992)

===============================================
Concept			1987	1988	1989	1990
===============================================

Rooms available:
-  Territory	        5,162	5,291	5,478	4,466
-  St. Thomas/St. John	3,686	3,848	4,026	3,286
-  St. John	       861	862	863	926

Night occupancy:
-  Territory	     1,206,540	1,225,713	1,095,910	933,832
-  St. Thomas/St. John	868,814	881,127	766,109	745,432

Number of guests:
-  Territory	578,296	699,77	634,004	471,868

Occupancy Level (%):
-  Territory	64.2	62.3	60.9	63.0
-  St. Thomas/St. John	65.1	62.1	59.8	62.3

Permanence:
-  Territory	5.0	5.0	5.4	4.5

===============================================

Source: Economic and Agricultural Development Secretariat, 1991.

Table 17: Visitor preference - 1989

Source: Economic and Agricultural Development Secretariat (1990a, 1990b)